Understanding possessive forms can be tricky, especially when dealing with names ending in “s.” Among the most common questions asked by writers is whether to use Roberts’ or Roberts’s to show possession. This debate, while seemingly minor, has implications for clarity, professionalism, and adherence to established style guides.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the rules, stylistic preferences, and real-world applications of Roberts’ versus Roberts’s, helping you navigate this nuanced grammatical territory with confidence.
Understanding the Basics of Possession
Possessive forms in English indicate ownership or association. For most singular nouns, possession is shown by adding an apostrophe followed by an “s” (e.g., the cat’s toy). However, when a singular noun ends in “s,” things get more complex.
- Roberts’: Used by some as a simplified form, omitting the extra “s” after the apostrophe.
- Roberts’s: Adds both an apostrophe and an “s,” following traditional grammar rules for clarity and consistency.
Both forms are grammatically correct, but their use depends on style guides, pronunciation preferences, and the writer’s intent.
The Two Main Approaches
The Traditional Rule: Roberts’s
Many modern style guides, including the Chicago Manual of Style, recommend adding an apostrophe and an additional “s” to names ending in “s.” This approach prioritizes clarity and ensures consistency across singular nouns.
Examples:
- Roberts’s book
- Charles’s decision
- Alexis’s house
This form aligns with how possessives are pronounced in spoken English. If you naturally say the extra “s,” it’s a good indication you should include it in your writing.
The Simplified Option: Roberts’
Some style guides, such as Associated Press (AP), suggest omitting the additional “s” for brevity, especially in journalism and digital media. This approach is favored for its cleaner look and is often used in contexts where space or simplicity is a priority.
Examples:
- Roberts’ project
- Chris’ presentation
- James’ guitar
While this form is less formal, it’s widely accepted and often chosen for its aesthetic appeal.
Roberts’ or Roberts’s: When to Use Each
Personal Names
- Use Roberts’s for academic writing, legal documents, or formal contexts where clarity is paramount.
- Use Roberts’ in casual writing, headlines, or when following AP-style guidelines.
Corporate and Institutional Names
The choice depends on the organization’s established naming conventions. For example:
- Macy’s Department Store (standardized form)
- Phillips’ Electronics (uses just an apostrophe for brevity)
Plural Possessives
When referring to multiple people named Roberts, the plural possessive form would be Roberts’ (e.g., the Roberts’ family reunion).
A Comparison of Major Style Guides
| Style Guide | Recommendation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Chicago Manual of Style | Use ‘s for singular nouns | Roberts’s opinion |
| AP Style | Apostrophe only for names ending in ‘s’ | Roberts’ opinion |
| Modern Language Association (MLA) | Add ‘s for singular nouns | Roberts’s car |
Understanding which style guide to follow is crucial for maintaining consistency in your writing.
Special Cases and Exceptions
Ancient and Religious Names
For historical or biblical figures, the simpler form is often preferred:
- Jesus’ teachings
- Moses’ commandments
- Socrates’ philosophy
This practice acknowledges long-standing conventions rather than adhering strictly to modern rules.
Compound Possessives
When ownership is shared:
- Roberts and Kelly’s house (shared ownership)
When ownership is separate: - Roberts’s and Kelly’s reports (distinct items for each person)
Practical Tips for Choosing Roberts’ or Roberts’s
- Follow a Style Guide: Determine whether you’re writing for academic, journalistic, or casual purposes.
- Consider Pronunciation: Write what you naturally say. If you pronounce the extra “s,” include it.
- Be Consistent: Use the same format throughout your document.
- Know Your Audience: Academic readers may expect Roberts’s, while casual audiences may find Roberts’ more intuitive.
The Impact on Clarity and Communication
The choice between Roberts’ and Roberts’s may seem minor, but it significantly affects how readers interpret your text. Using the right possessive form enhances your:
- Professionalism: Aligns your writing with industry standards.
- Credibility: Shows attention to detail.
- Comprehension: Reduces potential ambiguity in your work.
Modern Trends in Possessive Usage
- Digital Media: Shorter forms like Roberts’ are often preferred due to space limitations.
- Academic Writing: Maintains the traditional Roberts’s for clarity.
- Global English: Regional variations may favor one form over the other, with British English often using Roberts’s and American English more likely to adopt Roberts’.
FAQs
1. Which is correct: Roberts’ or Roberts’s?
Both are correct. Use Roberts’s for formal writing and clarity. Use Roberts’ for brevity or in line with AP style.
2. What does the Chicago Manual of Style recommend?
The Chicago Manual of Style prefers Roberts’s, adding both an apostrophe and “s” for singular possessives.
3. Can I use Roberts’ in academic writing?
While allowed, Roberts’s is usually preferred in academic settings for consistency with grammatical rules.
4. Why do some use Roberts’ instead of Roberts’s?
Some prefer Roberts’ for simplicity or to follow AP style, which omits the extra “s” for singular possessives ending in “s.”
5. How do I know which style guide to follow?
Check the context of your writing. Academic and literary works often use Roberts’s, while journalism may lean toward Roberts’.
6. Do regional differences affect the choice?
Yes, British English typically uses Roberts’s, while American English shows more flexibility, with Roberts’ gaining popularity in casual contexts.
7. Is pronunciation a factor in deciding the possessive form?
Yes. If you pronounce the extra “s,” it’s a good indicator to write it as Roberts’s.
8. Should business writing follow a specific rule?
It depends on the company’s style guide, but consistency is key. Formal settings often prefer Roberts’s, while less formal documents might use Roberts’.
Final Thoughts
The debate over Roberts’ or Roberts’s underscores the richness and complexity of English grammar. While both forms are valid, choosing the appropriate one depends on your audience, style guide, and the context of your writing.
By mastering these rules and applying them consistently, you not only improve your writing but also enhance its clarity and professionalism. Whether you lean toward Roberts’ for simplicity or Roberts’s for tradition, understanding these nuances ensures your message is communicated effectively.